Forex Trading FAQs

Forex is the foreign exchange market, where currencies from all over the world are traded. Trading the Forex market involves buying and selling of different currencies. It is the worldís largest financial market, with approximately $3 trillion traded each trading day.

How does Forex trading work?

The Forex market consists of buying one currency while selling another. In other words, they are traded in pairs. Done electronically, you will be trading between to counterparts, with a Forex broker in the middle (being paid via the spread between the bid and ask.) Trading in the Forex market takes place literally 24 hours a day, beginning at 5:00pm EST Sunday and ending on 4:00pm EST Friday. Traders from around the world, at any time within these 5 days can make trades.

How much risk is involved in trading the Forex market?

As with any financial instrument (stocks, bonds, futures, mutual funds, etc.) there is a risk in trading these markets. The key to trading is proper education, a good trading plan (and system), and strict money management rules. Utilizing a combination of these components, trading the Forex market can be very rewarding.

What are the major currency trading pairs?

There are quite a few currency pairings available to trade on the Forex market. Some, however, are much better suited for traders than others. The most well known currencies traded are: United States Dollar (USD), Australian Dollar, Japanese Yen, British Pound, Swiss Francs, Canadian Dollar, and the Euro Dollar. The most common pairings (often called the Big Six) are: the Euro Dollar vs. the US Dollar (EUR/USD), the British Pound vs. the US Dollar (GBP/USD), the Australian Dollar vs. the US Dollar (AUD/USD), the US Dollar vs. the Japanese Yen (USD/JPY), the US Dollar vs. the Swiss Franc (USD/CHF), and the US Dollar vs. the Canadian Dollar (USD/CAD).

What do I need to start trading the Forex market?

First, education is the most important thing needed before you being to trade the Forex market. You will also need a high speed internet connection and a funded Forex account. You should also create a Demo trading account, where you can learn how the Forex trades and test your skills (and system), while not risking any real money. Most brokers will allow you to trade a demo account for at least a month before you get started with live trading. Another key ingredient you will need is a trading plan. Your trading plan contains your goals (short term and long term), your trading system (what you will trade and what your rules are for entering and exiting a trade), and your money management rules. Successful traders will have their trading plan in place well ahead of making any live trades.

There are lots of questions you may have before you being to trade the Forex market. Spend some time with your favorite search engine learning about this market. You can also join a few free online trading forums and learn quite a bit by reading and making posts about the Forex market.

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A Forex Broker Is Your Best Friend

If you traded in the Forex market before or if you’re still trading now, you may have heard the term Forex broker a lot of times. However, as an individual trader, you may want to know what is a Forex broker and what they do.

Forex brokers are individuals or companies that assist individual traders and companies when they are trading in the Forex market. These individuals can really give you that extra edge you need in order to be successful in the Forex market. Although they will be trading your funded account, all the decisions are still yours to make if you want to.

Forex brokers are there to assist you with your trading needs in exchange for a small commission from what you earn. Here are some of the services that a Forex broker can give you:

•A Forex broker can give you advice regarding on real time quotes.
•A Forex broker can also give you advice on what to buy or sell by basing it on news feeds.
•A Forex broker can trade your funded account basing solely on his or her decision if you want them to.
•A Forex broker can also provide you with software data to help you with your trading decisions.

Searching for a good Forex broker can prove to be a very tedious task. Since there are a lot of advertising in the internet about Forex brokers, Forex traders get confused on which Forex broker they should hire. With all the Forex brokers out there that offers great Forex trading income and quotations, you will find it hard to choose a good and reputable Forex broker.

With a little research, you can find the right Forex broker who can be trusted. If you lack referrals for Forex brokers, you can try and do a little research of your own. The first thing you need to find out about a particular Forex broker with the amount of clients they serve. The more clients they serve the more chances that these brokers are trusted. You should also know the amount of trades these brokers are conducting.

Knowing the broker’s experience in the Forex market is also a great way to determine if he or she is the right broker to hire. Experienced Forex brokers will increase your chances of earning money from the Forex market.

If you have questions or complaints, you should call or email the company and ask questions regarding their trading system. You should never be uncomfortable doing this. Besides, they will be the one who will manage your money. And, it is your right to know about what they are doing with your money.

When choosing a Forex broker, you should also consider their trading options. You should also know that Forex brokers are different from what they can offer you. They differ in platforms, spreads, or leverage. You have to know which of the trading options is very important to you in order to be comfortable when you trade in the Forex market.

Most online Forex brokers offer potential clients with a demo account. This will allow you to try out their trading platform without actually risking money. You should look for a demo platform that works just like the real thing and you should also determine if you are comfortable with the trading platform.

Look for the features you want in a trading platform in order for you to know what to expect if you trade with them. If you are comfortable with a trading platform, you should consider trading with them, and if you are not, scratch them off your list. This is a great way to test their trading platform and not risk your money.

If a Forex broker is not willing to share financial information about their company, you shouldn’t trade with them because they are reluctant to share company information. They should answer your questions regarding on how they manage their client’s money and how they trade that money.

Always remember that if you see an offer that’s too good to be true by Forex traders, it probably is too good to be true. The Forex market is a very risky place to trade and Forex brokers must tell you that there are certain risks involved when trading in the Forex market. Avoid hiring a Forex broker who says that trading in Forex is easy and a very good money making market with very low risks.

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How Does Forex Scalping Work?

Just like with any other business ventures, currency trading would involve a lot of different strategies. Although there are a lot of strategies to choose from, there would always be the popular ones, and one of which would be Forex scalping. So what is it really about scalping that majority of traders yearn to master it or at least know the principles behind it? Read on and find out!

What Is It?

Scalping is basically a trading style that aims to take profits via taking advantage over very small changes in currency prices, which is most of the time soon after the trade was entered and becomes profitable. This trading strategy doesn’t really aim for capturing 50+ pip moves, but instead, this strategy is more concerned about monitoring the price action. After which, it aims to get in and out of the trades for fast 5-15 pips that in the end would add up by little.

Although the whole method may seem to be risky, scalping could actually be quite a low risk method, especially if you can perform it the right way. Since you would be aiming to gain profit from many small movements, your downside risk on the trade would become similarly kept back in a very close range.

However, you should be able to come up with a very strict exit strategy. This is due to the reason that one large loss can eliminate all the multiple small gains that you’ve worked hard on to get. Needless to say, you would need to have discipline to come out from bad trades. You also need to practice risk management, which would be extremely important. If you would be able to implement these properly, then you can practice scalping with a very low risk.

Common Problems

However, there can also be problems with scalping. For instance, you may have complications with doing business with dealing brokers. This is because they’re aware about this practice and majority of them doesn’t feel that kindly upon it. For them, scalping would be a no-no, simply because if they allowed traders to scalp in and out of trades within seconds, desk brokers would definitely be out of business. Mainly, the reason for so, is because such brokers need time to utilize a dealing desk. Hence, if you’d be scalping, which is usually less than one minute, they wouldn’t have enough time in dealing your money. In effect, you would simply be taking their money.

Scalping And Short Term Trading

Short term trading and scalping are often mistaken to be the same thing. However, they are not necessarily equals but they are quite similar. You should understand that there’s an extremely thin line between the two. In general, if you’d be hold trades for one minute or less, you might encounter problems with brokers. Most of the time, they would warn you and if you decide to continue you behavior, they might shut down/suspend your account. On the other hand, if you’ll be trading for more than one minute, it would be most likely that you won’t encounter problems with brokers.

On the other hand, non-dealing brokers let you scalp, in which you could hold a position even for just seconds. Nevertheless, their required minimum for you to create an account would be higher, about $2,000 or above.

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Scalping Strategies For Forex

that are used for Forex trading. Generally, scalpers rely on regular trading and consistently getting small profits. Most of the time, they liquidate their trades within the same day. Nevertheless, the problem with the scalping strategy is that it brings about the tendency to transform you to a obsessive gambler, most especially if you’re a beginner.

Efficient Scalping

For you to scalp efficiently, there are a couple of things that you should keep in mind. For instance, you should first determine the day’s direction. This could be done by simply taking a look at the current daily chart.

It would also be helpful to utilize trendline, pivot points or candlestick studies before you enter any trade on the hourly chart. You should also take note that for those mentioned above, you should learn to use them altogether with enough support and resistance.

You should also take note that trading via continuous trend would usually give you a higher probability in attaining success. Also, if you’ll be going for contrarian trading, keep in mind that you should always enter at better filled prices. You could also average your lot size before you enter the trade

Scraping It Off

On the other hand, if ever you do not feel comfortable, especially after your point of entry; always remember that you could always scrape your trade. In fact, this is recommended, even if you feel a tad bit of awkwardness with what you’re doing. You should also do this if it’s taking too long for your trade to course into your direction.

There’s Always Time To Stop

As said earlier, short term trading has a high tendency to be addicting. Hence, it is important that you learn to control yourself when doing this strategy. Learning to stop would probably be one of the hardest and most important skills to master. Ideally, experts advise that you should temporarily halt trading for the day once you’ve already had three losses in a row. This is one good signal that it would be the right time to rest; doing this can be very helpful. It could actually be one good way of preventing you to losing more within the day.

Three Important Factors To Look For

There are three important factors that act as the base of the scalping method, namely: liquidity, volatility, and time. If you’ll be going for scalping, you should always keep your eye out for these three.

As for liquidity, you should understand that the more liquidity a market has, then the more does it become attractive in the eyes of a Forex scalper. This is because such kind of markets could guarantee more profitable trades for any given period.

In the case of volatility, you should keep in mind that only stable markets are the ones that seem attractive to scalpers. If you’ll be scalping, you wouldn’t want any kind of big movement. This is because stability offers you the chance to have a number of small profits coming from a lot of different trades.

Last but not the least, you have time. A successful scalper wouldn’t always start trading during the start of the day. Although it is real that the longer you need to trade then the more you could make; however, patience is still the key. This is because it’s entirely pointless trying your best to scalp if the market conditions aren’t right. This is true for periods of huge economic uncertainties.

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How To Find A Forex Broker Dealer

You can find a Forex broker dealer online or offline. The only Forex broker dealers you will find in your own areas will be banks and large companies who offer foreign investing. Most smaller dealers and brokers are not going to offer foreign investing, as they don’t have the best connections to do so. A Forex broker investor can be found online, easier than offline.

To find a Forex broker dealer online you want to use the links on this page to take you to well known brokers or you can also use the links on this page to search the web to find additional broker of Forex trades. Brokers of Forex trading will be interested in telling you all about where you can invest money now, tomorrow and where the hottest investments are. We advise you to investigate and learn about any company where your are planning on working with a broker of foreign exchange before putting your hard earned money out there.

You need to realize there are a number of companies, those who are Forex broker dealers, who are going to involve you in a scam. Don’t be alarmed, because this could also happen with brokers dealing in stocks, and in other hometown investments as well, but you should be aware of it. Forex broker dealers who are involved in scams will ultimately try to push you into making decisions faster and to making your investments without giving you the ample time to learn about where your money is going or what your possible rates of return are. Forex broker dealers who are going to take the time to explain what is going on, and how it will happen are more often honest Forex broker dealers you might want to consider doing business with.

Forex broker dealer is a person who will be your main contact in the firm or in the company; you are going to invest your money through. Most all-stock trades do ‘go through’ a company or a broker so the trade can take place. The same principles of the stock trade in your country will apply to the Forex trading systems, but the Forex broker dealer is going to make the transactions happen on a worldwide system. The worldwide system involves the name Forex, which stands for foreign exchange and trade. The trade of currency and stocks worldwide is going to present you with many more options about where you can invest money and how you can invest money to build your person wealth.

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Forex Currency Trading - The Basics

Forex is the name given to the foreign exchange market, where international currencies are bought and sold. Due to the development of free exchange rates, the market began in the 1970s and has become the world’s largest financial market with a daily turnover of US$1.9 trillion. To put that into perspective, that’s over thirty times the daily turnover of the rest of the US equity markets combined.

Unlike normal stock markets which are traded on exchanges that are located in a specific place, Forex currency exchange takes place via an Over The Counter (OTC) or interbank market. This means that transactions are conducted electronically between brokers.

Thanks to this and global time zones, Forex is a genuine 24 hour financial market. The day begins in Australia and moves around the globe as each of the leading financial markets open in Tokyo, London and New York. So it’s always possible to find someone who is willing to buy or sell international currencies. This gives investors the chance to respond to price changes caused by a variety of economic, social and political events at any time of the day or night.

There are two main reasons for trading currency on Forex. Approximately 5% of Forex trades are undertaken by multinational companies and governments who buy or sell products and services in a foreign country and have to convert their profits into their domestic currency. Forex allows them to hedge (or protect) their profits so that in the even of a dramatic currency fluctuation, their profits won’t be reduced.

However, the other 95% of Forex activity is due to people or organizations trading for short term profit. Forex allows you to trade virtually any currency, although in practice most activity (85% of total turnover) relates to the major currencies which include the US Dollar, the Euro, the Japanese Yen, the Swiss Franc, the British Pound, the Australian Dollar and the Canadian Dollar.

Trading on the Forex exchange involves simultaneously buying one currency and selling another. For example, if you buy USD/EUR, that means you buy the US Dollar and sell an equivalent value of the Euro. Closing you position involves buying the Euro and selling the US Dollar.

The price of all currencies traded on Forex are influenced by the laws of supply and demand. If the demand for a currency outstrips the supply, the price rises. Alternatively, if supply is greater than demand, the price of a currency will fall.

Forex trading has a number of significant advantages that make it an extremely attractive form of speculation.

First, due to its size and lack of exchange controls, it’s almost impossible for any person or organization (including central banks and governments) to significantly influence prices for an extended period of time. This means that you can enter the market secure in the knowledge that your investment is competing on a level playing field with every other investor around the world.

Second, due to the vast size of the market, the liquidity is excellent. So unlike the position with many stocks and shares where you might find it hard to sell certain investments, you can open and close Forex trades almost instantly as there are always scores of international buyers and sellers.

Third, it’s relatively easy and cheap to get started trading Forex. All you need is an internet connection, a broker and perhaps $500 - $1000 to open a trading account. Once you’ve got these things you can trade 24 hours a day from Sunday afternoon through to Friday evening. And thanks to the availability of information on the internet it’s possible to find all the data that you need for the purposes of analysis and decision making.

Fourth, it’s possible to make substantial short term gains with relatively little capital thanks to the number of daily fluctuations in currency prices and the ability to leverage your capital (often up to 100 times) thanks to margin trading.

However, due to rapid fluctuation of currency prices and marginal trading, Forex trading carries significant risks, so caution must be required when deciding which trades to make.

When it comes to decision making, there are two basic Forex trading strategies, technical analysis and fundamental analysis.

Technical analysis relys upon using price charts, trend lines, support/resistance levels, highest price, lowest price, transaction volumes and various other mathematical formulae to identify trading opportunities. This is based upon the belief that everything that may influence the price of a currency has been considered by the market and factored into the current price.

Crucially, technical analysts don’t try to defeat the market. The are content to predict short term, minor fluctuations using patterns from the recent past and the belief that history will repeat itself. The main disadvantage of the method is that all the results are purely historic and cannot always be relied upon as an accurate guide to the future.

Fundamental analysis looks at wider factors such as the national economy of the currency, the political stability, employment figures, industry figures, interest rates, tax policy and a wide range of other economic indicators. However, before basing your investment decisions on these factors alone, it’s important to consider both technical analysis and the fact that market expectations can influence the price of a currency as much as reality.

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Finding A Great Forex Broker

Just as you have investment brokers to manage your portfolio, you may find it advantageous to sign on with a Forex broker. If you have decided to go that route, then there are a few basic considerations that you may want to keep in mind as you search for just the right currency broker to help you do well in the market.
One of the first things you will want to look for in any broker you hire to help you with currency exchange would be accessibility.
There is no value whatsoever in having a broker that is too busy to return your calls or respond to email queries.
The whole point of having the broker is so you have an expert who is able to interact with you on what currency to buy and to sell, and when.
A broker that considers their time too valuable to spend with you is not a broker that you need to do business with.
An attribute that you want to seek out is that of being a partner in a financial venture.
The bottom line is that if you are not making money, then your broker is not likely to be doing all that well either.
If you eventually lose your shirt and have to drop out, then the broker has lost a client.
It is in the best interests of both you and your broker to make sure you are making money and increasing your portfolio. Interestingly enough, not all brokers have this mind set.
Look for the ones that are interested in seeing your assets grow over the long haul and stay away from the ones that are looking to make a quick buck with you before moving on to the next person.
Accountability is another trait you want to look for in your broker. When making a recommendation to buy or sell a particular currency, a broker with this attribute will be able to articulate to you all the reasons why this would be a positive move for you.
While “trust me” may be all you need if you are playing a board game with a friend, it is not enough when you are talking about your money. A solid reputable broker will know that and always has some very good reasons for the advice he or she gives you.
Essentially, a great deal of what you are looking for is simply honesty, integrity, and an obvious knowledge of how currency trading works.
When you are able to find someone who exhibits all these characteristics, as well as being dedicated to making money with the customer, not off the customer, then you have found a Forex broker that is worth doing business with.
If you need help locating a good broker, a good place to start your search is the internet.
Insert Forex forums into a search engine and look for good reccommendations from other Forex traders.
It should be noted Forex trading involves substantial risk of loss and is not suitable for all investors

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Why to trade currencies?

• Forex is a 24-hour market. This creates a great number of trading opportunities every day. It also allows to trade currencies part-time.
• No big player controls the forex market. Because of the liquidity, no single bank or fund can influence the price at the expense of small retail traders, at least not for long.
• The forex market cannot crash. Unlike stocks, currencies are valued relatively to each other. If one currency depreciates, another goes up.
• You can profit from both rising and falling currencies. Even if you do not physically hold a particular currency, you can still sell it. You can go long or short, capturing all the price movements. But, of course, if the currency moves in the opposite direction to that you have predicted, you will lose money.
• Low starting capital. Some online forex brokers let their clients trade with as little as $1. Thanks to high leverage, you can make substantial profits even with a small trading account.
• Low transaction costs. Most forex brokers do not charge any commission. They are compensated by the spread that can be sometimes as low as 10 cents for every $10,000 traded.
• Free tools. Most online forex brokers give away tons of free stuff. You can practice forex trading on a free demo account. You get access to free forex charts, free technical indicators, free economic news feeds... even to free professional market analyses.
• Instant execution of trades. Under normal market conditions, trading orders are executed instantaneously. Many forex brokers also allow you to automate your trading strategy, using algorithmic trading.

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Which currencies can be traded?

Forex currency symbols consist of three letters. For example, USD stands for the US dollar, EUR for the Euro, and JPY for the Japanese Yen. Some currencies are also known under nicknames:

• American dollar (USD) = Greenback
• British pound (GBP) = Cable or Sterling
• Swiss franc (CHF) = Swissy
• Canadian dollar (CAD) = Loonie
• Australian dollar (AUD) = Aussie
• New Zealand dollar (NZD) = Kiwi

The most popular currency pairs include the so-called majors (EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF) and commodity pairs (USD/CAD, AUD/USD, NZD/USD). Any other combination of these currencies (for example EUR/GBP or AUD/JPY) is called a currency cross. Many forex brokers also offer exotic currencies, such as HKD, TRY, and ZAR.

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When and where are currencies traded?

Forex is open 24 hours a day, 5.5 days a week. It is up to you when you want to trade – full-time from 9 to 5, part-time after work, or once a day, before going to bed.

Unlike a stock market, the foreign exchange market has no physical location. It is rather a decentralized electronic network of banks and forex brokers.

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Factors affecting forex trading

Although exchange rates are affected by many factors, in the end, currency prices are a result of supply and demand forces. Supply and demand factors are constantly shifting, and the price of one currency in relation to another shifts accordingly. No other market encompasses (and distills) as much of what is going on in the world at any given time as foreign exchange.

Supply and demand for any given currency, and thus its value, are not influenced by any single element, but rather by several . These elements generally fall into three categories:

Economic factors.
These include economic policy, disseminated by government agencies and central banks, economic conditions, generally revealed through economic reports, and other economic indicators.
Economic policy comprises government fiscal policy (budget/spending practices) and monetary policy (the means by which a government's central bank influences the supply and "cost" of money, which is reflected by the level of interest rates).

Political conditions
Internal, regional, and international political conditions and events can have a profound effect on currency markets.
For instance, political upheaval and instability can have a negative impact on a nation's economy. The rise of a political faction that is perceived to be fiscally responsible can have the opposite effect. Also, events in one country in a region may spur positive or negative interest in a neighboring country and, in the process, affect its currency.

Market psychology
Market psychology and trader perceptions influence the foreign exchange market in a variety of ways:

1. Flights to quality: Unsettling international events can lead to a "flight to quality" with investors seeking a "safe haven". There will be a greater demand, thus a higher price, for currencies perceived as stronger over their relatively weaker counterparts.
2. Long-term trends: Currency markets often move in visible long-term trends. Although currencies do not have an annual growing season like physical commodities, business cycles do make themselves felt. Cycle analysis looks at longer-term price trends that may rise from economic or political trends.
3. "Buy the rumor, sell the fact": This market truism can apply to many currency situations. It is the tendency for the price of a currency to reflect the impact of a particular action before it occurs and, when the anticipated event comes to pass, react in exactly the opposite direction. This may also be referred to as a market being "oversold" or "overbought". To buy the rumor or sell the fact can also be an example of the cognitive bias known as anchoring, when investors focus too much on the relevance of outside events to currency prices.
4. Economic numbers: While economic numbers can certainly reflect economic policy, some reports and numbers take on a talisman-like effect - the number itself becomes important to market psychology and may have an immediate impact on short-term market moves. "What to watch" can change over time. In recent years, for example, money supply, employment, trade balance figures and inflation numbers have all taken turns in the spotlight.
5. Technical trading considerations: As in other markets, the accumulated price movements in a currency pair such as EUR/USD can form patterns that may be recognized and utilized by traders for the purpose of entering and exiting the market, leading to short-term fluctuations in price. Many traders study price charts in order to identify such patterns

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What are the benefits of forex trading?

Two way opportunities, that means you can earn profit from upward or downward price movement. For example if you buy (go long) and the price moving upward, you will be in profit. and the otherway, if you if you sell (go short) and the price moving downward, you will be in profit

Extreme liquidity of the market. Forex is the most liquid market in the world, and that means you can buy or sell anytime you want

Long trading hours, Forex allows you to trade 24 hours a day and 5 days a week (except on weekends).

Leverage to amplify your profit, you can use a relative small quantity to trade bigger amount (usually from 1:50 up to 1:500) for example you have $100, without leverage your profit is only $0.01 but with 1:100 leverage your profit will be $1. (leverage makes your profit 100 times bigger, this also applies to loss).

Free of comission, Relative Low Spread Cost, usually online forex brokers offer you comission free trading, no brokerage fee, no exchange fee, and smaller trading transaction cost.

Flexible Trading Lots, you can trade rather standard lot (100K), mini lot (10K), or even micro lot (1K)

Automated / Robot Trading, some trading platform such as Metatrader enables automated trading

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Introduction to Currency Trading

The foreign exchange market (forex or FX for short) is one of the most exciting, fast-paced markets around. Until recently, forex trading in the currency market had been the domain of large financial institutions, corporations, central banks, hedge funds and extremely wealthy individuals. The emergence of the internet has changed all of this, and now it is possible for average investors to buy and sell currencies easily with the click of a mouse through online brokerage accounts.

Daily currency fluctuations are usually very small. Most currency pairs move less than one cent per day, representing a less than 1% change in the value of the currency. This makes foreign exchange one of the least volatile financial markets around. Therefore, many currency speculators rely on the availability of enormous leverage to increase the value of potential movements. In the retail forex market, leverage can be as much as 250:1. Higher leverage can be extremely risky, but because of round-the-clock trading and deep liquidity, foreign exchange brokers have been able to make high leverage an industry standard in order to make the movements meaningful for currency traders.

Extreme liquidity and the availability of high leverage have helped to spur the market's rapid growth and made it the ideal place for many traders. Positions can be opened and closed within minutes or can be held for months. Currency prices are based on objective considerations of supply and demand and cannot be manipulated easily because the size of the market does not allow even the largest players, such as central banks, to move prices at will.

The forex market provides plenty of opportunity for investors. However, in order to be successful, a currency trader has to understand the basics behind currency movements.

The goal of this forex tutorial is to provide a foundation for investors or traders who are new to the foreign currency markets. We'll cover the basics of exchange rates, the market's history and the key concepts you need to understand in order to be able to participate in this market. We'll also venture into how to start trading foreign currencies and the different types of strategies that can be employed.

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What Is Forex?

The foreign exchange market is the "place" where currencies are traded. Currencies are important to most people around the world, whether they realize it or not, because currencies need to be exchanged in order to conduct foreign trade and business. If you are living in the U.S. and want to buy cheese from France, either you or the company that you buy the cheese from has to pay the French for the cheese in euros (EUR). This means that the U.S. importer would have to exchange the equivalent value of U.S. dollars (USD) into euros. The same goes for traveling. A French tourist in Egypt can't pay in euros to see the pyramids because it's not the locally accepted currency. As such, the tourist has to exchange the euros for the local currency, in this case the Egyptian pound, at the current exchange rate.

The need to exchange currencies is the primary reason why the forex market is the largest, most liquid financial market in the world. It dwarfs other markets in size, even the stock market, with an average traded value of around U.S. $2,000 billion per day. (The total volume changes all the time, but as of April 2004, the Bank for International Settlements (BIS) reported that the forex market traded U.S. $1,900 billion per day.)

One unique aspect of this international market is that there is no central marketplace for foreign exchange. Rather, currency trading is conducted electronically over-the-counter (OTC), which means that all transactions occur via computer networks between traders around the world, rather than on one centralized exchange. The market is open 24 hours a day, five and a half days a week, and currencies are traded worldwide in the major financial centers of London, New York, Tokyo, Zurich, Frankfurt, Hong Kong, Singapore, Paris and Sydney - across almost every time zone. This means that when the trading day in the U.S. ends, the forex market begins anew in Tokyo and Hong Kong. As such, the forex market can be extremely active any time of the day, with price quotes changing constantly.

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Spot Market and the Forwards and Futures Markets

There are actually three ways that institutions, corporations and individuals trade forex: the spot market, the forwards market and the futures market. The forex trading in the spot market always has been the largest market because it is the "underlying" real asset that the forwards and futures markets are based on. In the past, the futures market was the most popular venue for traders because it was available to individual investors for a longer period of time. However, with the advent of electronic trading, the spot market has witnessed a huge surge in activity and now surpasses the futures market as the preferred trading market for individual investors and speculators. When people refer to the forex market, they usually are referring to the spot market. The forwards and futures markets tend to be more popular with companies that need to hedge their foreign exchange risks out to a specific date in the future.

What is the spot market?
More specifically, the spot market is where currencies are bought and sold according to the current price. That price, determined by supply and demand, is a reflection of many things, including current interest rates, economic performance, sentiment towards ongoing political situations (both locally and internationally), as well as the perception of the future performance of one currency against another. When a deal is finalized, this is known as a "spot deal". It is a bilateral transaction by which one party delivers an agreed-upon currency amount to the counter party and receives a specified amount of another currency at the agreed-upon exchange rate value. After a position is closed, the settlement is in cash. Although the spot market is commonly known as one that deals with transactions in the present (rather than the future), these trades actually take two days for settlement.

What are the forwards and futures markets?
Unlike the spot market, the forwards and futures markets do not trade actual currencies. Instead they deal in contracts that represent claims to a certain currency type, a specific price per unit and a future date for settlement.

In the forwards market, contracts are bought and sold OTC between two parties, who determine the terms of the agreement between themselves.

In the futures market, futures contracts are bought and sold based upon a standard size and settlement date on public commodities markets, such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. In the U.S., the National Futures Association regulates the futures market. Futures contracts have specific details, including the number of units being traded, delivery and settlement dates, and minimum price increments that cannot be customized. The exchange acts as a counterpart to the trader, providing clearance and settlement.

Both types of contracts are binding and are typically settled for cash for the exchange in question upon expiry, although contracts can also be bought and sold before they expire. The forwards and futures markets can offer protection against risk when trading currencies. Usually, big international corporations use these markets in order to hedge against future exchange rate fluctuations, but speculators take part in these markets as well.

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Foreign Exchange Risk and Benefits

In this section, we'll take a look at some of the benefits and risks associated with the forex market. We'll also discuss how it differs from the equity market in order to get a greater understanding of how the forex market works.

The Good and the Bad
We already have mentioned that factors such as the size, volatility and global structure of the foreign exchange market have all contributed to its rapid success. Given the highly liquid nature of this market, investors are able to place extremely large trades without affecting any given exchange rate. These large positions are made available to forex traders because of the low margin requirements used by the majority of the industry's brokers. For example, it is possible for a trader to control a position of US$100,000 by putting down as little as US$1,000 up front and borrowing the remainder from his or her forex broker. This amount of leverage acts as a double-edged sword because investors can realize large gains when rates make a small favorable change, but they also run the risk of a massive loss when the rates move against them. Despite the foreign exchange risks, the amount of leverage available in the forex market is what makes it attractive for many speculators.

The currency market is also the only market that is truly open 24 hours a day with decent liquidity throughout the day. For traders who may have a day job or just a busy schedule, it is an optimal market to trade in. As you can see from the chart below, the major trading hubs are spread throughout many different time zones, eliminating the need to wait for an opening or closing bell. As the U.S. trading closes, other markets in the East are opening, making it possible to trade at any time during the day.

Time Zone	Time (ET)
Tokyo Open	7:00 pm
Tokyo Close	4:00 am
London Open	3:00 am
London Close	12:00 pm
New York Open	8:00 am
New York Close	5:00 pm

While the forex market may offer more excitement to the investor, the risks are also higher in comparison to trading equities. The ultra-high leverage of the forex market means that huge gains can quickly turn to damaging losses and can wipe out the majority of your account in a matter of minutes. This is important for all new traders to understand, because in the forex market - due to the large amount of money involved and the number of players - traders will react quickly to information released into the market, leading to sharp moves in the price of the currency pair.

Though currencies don't tend to move as sharply as equities on a percentage basis (where a company's stock can lose a large portion of its value in a matter of minutes after a bad announcement), it is the leverage in the spot market that creates the volatility. For example, if you are using 100:1 leverage on $1,000 invested, you control $100,000 in capital. If you put $100,000 into a currency and the currency's price moves 1% against you, the value of the capital will have decreased to $99,000 - a loss of $1,000, or all of your invested capital, representing a 100% loss. In the equities market, most traders do not use leverage, therefore a 1% loss in the stock's value on a $1,000 investment, would only mean a loss of $10. Therefore, it is important to take into account the risks involved in the forex market before diving in.

Differences Between Forex and Equities
A major difference between the forex and equities markets is the number of traded instruments: the forex market has very few compared to the thousands found in the equities market. The majority of forex traders focus their efforts on seven different currency pairs: the four majors, which include (EUR/USD, USD/JPY, GBP/USD, USD/CHF); and the three commodity pairs (USD/CAD, AUD/USD, NZD/USD). All other pairs are just different combinations of the same currencies, otherwise known as cross currencies. This makes currency trading easier to follow because rather than having to cherry-pick between 10,000 stocks to find the best value, all that FX traders need to do is “keep up” on the economic and political news of eight countries.

The equity markets often can hit a lull, resulting in shrinking volumes and activity. As a result, it may be hard to open and close positions when desired. Furthermore, in a declining market, it is only with extreme ingenuity that an equities investor can make a profit. It is difficult to short-sell in the U.S. equities market because of strict rules and regulations regarding the process. On the other hand, forex offers the opportunity to profit in both rising and declining markets because with each trade, you are buying and selling simultaneously, and short-selling is, therefore, inherent in every transaction. In addition, since the forex market is so liquid, traders are not required to wait for an uptick before they are allowed to enter into a short position - as they are in the equities market.

Due to the extreme liquidity of the forex market, margins are low and leverage is high. It just is not possible to find such low margin rates in the equities markets; most margin traders in the equities markets need at least 50% of the value of the investment available as margin, whereas forex traders need as little as 1%. Furthermore, commissions in the equities market are much higher than in the forex market. Traditional brokers ask for commission fees on top of the spread, plus the fees that have to be paid to the exchange. Spot forex brokers take only the spread as their fee for the transaction.

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Forex Market Participants

Unlike the equity market - where investors often only trade with institutional investors (such as mutual funds) or other individual investors - there are additional participants that trade on the forex market for entirely different reasons than those on the equity market. Therefore, it is important to identify and understand the functions and motivations of the main players of the forex market.

Governments and Central Banks
Arguably, some of the most influential participants involved with currency exchange are the central banks and federal governments. In most countries, the central bank is an extension of the government and conducts its policy in tandem with the government. However, some governments feel that a more independent central bank would be more effective in balancing the goals of curbing inflation and keeping interest rates low, which tends to increase economic growth. Regardless of the degree of independence that a central bank possesses, government representatives typically have regular consultations with central bank representatives to discuss monetary policy. Thus, central banks and governments are usually on the same page when it comes to monetary policy.

Central banks are often involved in manipulating reserve volumes in order to meet certain economic goals. For example, ever since pegging its currency (the yuan) to the U.S. dollar, China has been buying up millions of dollars worth of U.S. treasury bills in order to keep the yuan at its target exchange rate. Central banks use the foreign exchange market to adjust their reserve volumes. With extremely deep pockets, they yield significant influence on the currency markets.

Banks and Other Financial Institutions
In addition to central banks and governments, some of the largest participants involved with forex transactions are banks. Most individuals who need foreign currency for small-scale transactions deal with neighborhood banks. However, individual transactions pale in comparison to the volumes that are traded in the interbank market.

The interbank market is the market through which large banks transact with each other and determine the currency price that individual traders see on their trading platforms. These banks transact with each other on electronic brokering systems that are based upon credit. Only banks that have credit relationships with each other can engage in transactions. The larger the bank, the more credit relationships it has and the better the pricing it can access for its customers. The smaller the bank, the less credit relationships it has and the lower the priority it has on the pricing scale.

Banks, in general, act as dealers in the sense that they are willing to buy/sell a currency at the bid/ask price. One way that banks make money on the forex market is by exchanging currency at a premium to the price they paid to obtain it. Since the forex market is a decentralized market, it is common to see different banks with slightly different exchange rates for the same currency.

Hedgers
Some of the biggest clients of these banks are businesses that deal with international transactions. Whether a business is selling to an international client or buying from an international supplier, it will need to deal with the volatility of fluctuating currencies.

If there is one thing that management (and shareholders) detest, it is uncertainty. Having to deal with foreign-exchange risk is a big problem for many multinationals. For example, suppose that a German company orders some equipment from a Japanese manufacturer to be paid in yen one year from now. Since the exchange rate can fluctuate wildly over an entire year, the German company has no way of knowing whether it will end up paying more euros at the time of delivery.

One choice that a business can make to reduce the uncertainty of foreign-exchange risk is to go into the spot market and make an immediate transaction for the foreign currency that they need.

Unfortunately, businesses may not have enough cash on hand to make spot transactions or may not want to hold massive amounts of foreign currency for long periods of time. Therefore, businesses quite frequently employ hedging strategies in order to lock in a specific exchange rate for the future or to remove all sources of exchange-rate risk for that transaction.

For example, if a European company wants to import steel from the U.S., it would have to pay in U.S. dollars. If the price of the euro falls against the dollar before payment is made, the European company will realize a financial loss. As such, it could enter into a contract that locked in the current exchange rate to eliminate the risk of dealing in U.S. dollars. These contracts could be either forwards or futures contracts.



Speculators
Another class of market participants involved with foreign exchange-related transactions is speculators. Rather than hedging against movement in exchange rates or exchanging currency to fund international transactions, speculators attempt to make money by taking advantage of fluctuating exchange-rate levels.

The most famous of all currency speculators is probably George Soros. The billionaire hedge fund manager is most famous for speculating on the decline of the British pound, a move that earned $1.1 billion in less than a month. On the other hand, Nick Leeson, a derivatives trader with England’s Barings Bank, took speculative positions on futures contracts in yen that resulted in losses amounting to more than $1.4 billion, which led to the collapse of the company.

Some of the largest and most controversial speculators on the forex market are hedge funds, which are essentially unregulated funds that employ unconventional investment strategies in order to reap large returns. Think of them as mutual funds on steroids. Hedge funds are the favorite whipping boys of many a central banker. Given that they can place such massive bets, they can have a major effect on a country’s currency and economy. Some critics blamed hedge funds for the Asian currency crisis of the late 1990s, but others have pointed out that the real problem was the ineptness of Asian central bankers.

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The History of the Forex

Gold Standard System
The creation of the gold standard monetary system in 1875 marks one of the most important events in the history of the forex market. Before the gold standard was implemented, countries would commonly use gold and silver as means of international payment. The main issue with using gold and silver for payment is that their value is affected by external supply and demand. For example, the discovery of a new gold mine would drive gold prices down.

The underlying idea behind the gold standard was that governments guaranteed the conversion of currency into a specific amount of gold, and vice versa. In other words, a currency would be backed by gold. Obviously, governments needed a fairly substantial gold reserve in order to meet the demand for currency exchanges. During the late nineteenth century, all of the major economic countries had defined an amount of currency to an ounce of gold. Over time, the difference in price of an ounce of gold between two currencies became the exchange rate for those two currencies. This represented the first standardized means of currency exchange in history.

The gold standard eventually broke down during the beginning of World War I. Due to the political tension with Germany, the major European powers felt a need to complete large military projects. The financial burden of these projects was so substantial that there was not enough gold at the time to exchange for all the excess currency that the governments were printing off.

Although the gold standard would make a small comeback during the inter-war years, most countries had dropped it again by the onset of World War II. However, gold never ceased being the ultimate form of monetary value.

Bretton Woods System
Before the end of World War II, the Allied nations believed that there would be a need to set up a monetary system in order to fill the void that was left behind when the gold standard system was abandoned. In July 1944, more than 700 representatives from the Allies convened at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire, to deliberate over what would be called the Bretton Woods system of international monetary management.

To simplify, Bretton Woods led to the formation of the following:

1. A method of fixed exchange rates;
2. The U.S. dollar replacing the gold standard to become a primary reserve currency; and
3. The creation of three international agencies to oversee economic activity: the International Monetary Fund (IMF), International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).

One of the main features of Bretton Woods is that the U.S. dollar replaced gold as the main standard of convertibility for the world’s currencies; and furthermore, the U.S. dollar became the only currency that would be backed by gold. (This turned out to be the primary reason that Bretton Woods eventually failed.)

Over the next 25 or so years, the U.S. had to run a series of balance of payment deficits in order to be the world’s reserved currency. By the early 1970s, U.S. gold reserves were so depleted that the U.S. treasury did not have enough gold to cover all the U.S. dollars that foreign central banks had in reserve.

Finally, on August 15, 1971, U.S. President Richard Nixon closed the gold window, and the U.S. announced to the world that it would no longer exchange gold for the U.S. dollars that were held in foreign reserves. This event marked the end of Bretton Woods.

Even though Bretton Woods didn’t last, it left an important legacy that still has a significant effect on today’s international economic climate. This legacy exists in the form of the three international agencies created in the 1940s: the IMF, the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now part of the World Bank) and GATT, the precursor to the World Trade Organization.

Current Exchange Rates
After the Bretton Woods system broke down, the world finally accepted the use of floating foreign exchange rates during the Jamaica agreement of 1976. This meant that the use of the gold standard would be permanently abolished. However, this is not to say that governments adopted a pure free-floating exchange rate system. Most governments employ one of the following three exchange rate systems that are still used today:

1. Dollarization;
2. Pegged rate; and
3. Managed floating rate.

Dollarization
This event occurs when a country decides not to issue its own currency and adopts a foreign currency as its national currency. Although dollarization usually enables a country to be seen as a more stable place for investment, the drawback is that the country’s central bank can no longer print money or make any sort of monetary policy. An example of dollarization is El Salvador's use of the U.S. dollar. (To read more, see Dollarization Explained.)

Pegged Rates
Pegging occurs when one country directly fixes its exchange rate to a foreign currency so that the country will have somewhat more stability than a normal float. More specifically, pegging allows a country’s currency to be exchanged at a fixed rate with a single or a specific basket of foreign currencies. The currency will only fluctuate when the pegged currencies change.

For example, China pegged its yuan to the U.S. dollar at a rate of 8.28 yuan to US$1, between 1997 and July 21, 2005. The downside to pegging would be that a currency’s value is at the mercy of the pegged currency’s economic situation. For example, if the U.S. dollar appreciates substantially against all other currencies, the yuan would also appreciate, which may not be what the Chinese central bank wants.

Managed Floating Rates
This type of system is created when a currency’s exchange rate is allowed to freely change in value subject to the market forces of supply and demand. However, the government or central bank may intervene to stabilize extreme fluctuations in exchange rates. For example, if a country’s currency is depreciating far beyond an acceptable level, the government can raise short-term interest rates. Raising rates should cause the currency to appreciate slightly; but understand that this is a very simplified example. Central banks typically employ a number of tools to manage currency.

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Technical Analysis Discounts Everything; Especially in Forex

Minimal Rate Inconsistency
There are many large players in the forex market, such as hedge funds and large banks, that all have advanced computer systems to constantly monitor any inconsistencies between the different currency pairs. Given these programs, it is rare to see any major inconsistency last longer than a matter of seconds. Many traders turn to forex technical analysis because it presumes that all the factors that influence a price - economic, political, social and psychological - have already been factored into the current exchange rate by the market. With so many investors and so much money exchanging hands each day, the trend and flow of capital is what becomes important, rather than attempting to identify a mispriced rate.

Trend or Range
One of the greatest goals of technical traders in the FX market is to determine whether a given pair will trend in a certain direction, or if it will travel sideways and remain range-bound. The most common method to determine these characteristics is to draw trend lines that connect historical levels that have prevented a rate from heading higher or lower. These levels of support and resistance are used by technical traders to determine whether or not the given trend, or lack of trend, will continue.

Generally, the major currency pairs - such as the EUR/USD, USD/JPY, USD/CHF and GBP/USD - have shown the greatest characteristics of trend, while the currency pairs that have historically shown a higher probability of becoming range-bound have been the currency crosses (pairs not involving the U.S. dollar). The two charts below show the strong trending nature of USD/JPY in contrast to the range-bound nature of EUR/CHF. It is important for every trader to be aware of the characteristics of trend and range, because they will not only affect what pairs are traded, but also what type of strategy should be used.

Common Indicators
Technical traders use many different indicators in combination with support and resistance to aid them in predicting the future direction of exchange rates. Again, learning how to interpret various forex technical indicators is a study unto itself and goes beyond the scope of this forex tutorial. If you wish to learn more about this subject, we suggest you read our technical analysis tutorial.

A few indicators that we feel we should mention, due to their popularity, are: Bollinger bands, Fibonacci retracement, moving averages, moving average convergence divergence (MACD) and stochastics. These technical tools are rarely used by themselves to generate signals, but rather in conjunction with other indicators and chart patterns.

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How to Trade Forex

Now that you know some important factors to be aware of when opening a forex account, we will take a look at what exactly you can trade within that account. The two main ways to trade in the foreign currency market is the simple buying and selling of currency pairs, where you go long one currency and short another. The second way is through the purchasing of derivatives that track the movements of a specific currency pair. Both of these techniques are highly similar to techniques in the equities market.The most common way is to simply buy and sell currency pairs, much in the same way most individuals buy and sell stocks. In this case, you are hoping the value of the pair itself changes in a favorable manner. If you go long a currency pair, you are hoping that the value of the pair increases. For example, let's say that you took a long position in the USD/CAD pair - you will make money if the value of this pair goes up, and lose money if it falls. This pair rises when the U.S. dollar increases in value against the Canadian dollar, so it is a bet on the U.S. dollar.

The other option is to use derivative products, such as options and futures, to profit from changes in the value of currencies. If you buy an option on a currency pair, you are gaining the right to purchase a currency pair at a set rate before a set point in time. A futures contract, on the other hand, creates the obligation to buy the currency at a set point in time. Both of these trading techniques are usually only used by more advanced traders, but it is important to at least be familiar with them. (For more on this, try Getting Started in Forex Options and our tutorials, Option Spread Strategies and Options Basics Tutorial.)

Types of Orders
A trader looking to open a new position will likely use either a market order or a limit order. The incorporation of these order types remains the same as when they are used in the equity markets. A market order gives a forex trader the ability to obtain the currency at whatever exchange rate it is currently trading at in the market, while a limit order allows the trader to specify a certain entry price. (For a brief refresher of these orders, see The Basics of Order Entry.)

Forex traders who already hold an open position may want to consider using a take-profit order to lock in a profit. Say, for example, that a trader is confident that the GBP/USD rate will reach 1.7800, but is not as sure that the rate could climb any higher. A trader could use a take-profit order, which would automatically close his or her position when the rate reaches 1.7800, locking in their profits.



Another tool that can be used when traders hold open positions is the stop-loss order. This order allows traders to determine how much the rate can decline before the position is closed and further losses are accumulated. Therefore, if the GBP/USD rate begins to drop, an investor can place a stop-loss that will close the position (for example at 1.7787), in order to prevent any further losses.

As you can see, the type of orders that you can enter in your forex trading account are similar to those found in equity accounts. Having a good understanding of these orders is critical before placing your first trade.

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Opening A Forex Brokerage Account

Trading forex is similar to the equity market because individuals interested in trading need to open up a trading account. Like the equity market, each forex account and the services it provides differ, so it is important that you find the right one. Below we will talk about some of the factors that should be considered when selecting a forex account.

Leverage
Leverage is basically the ability to control large amounts of capital, using very little of your own capital; the higher the leverage, the higher the level of risk. The amount of leverage on an account differs depending on the account itself, but most use a factor of at least 50:1, with some being as high as 250:1. A leverage factor of 50:1 means that for every dollar you have in your account you control up to $50. For example, if a trader has $1,000 in his or her account, the broker will lend that person $50,000 to trade in the market. This leverage also makes your margin, or the amount you have to have in the account to trade a certain amount, very low. In equities, margin is usually at least 50%, while the leverage of 50:1 is equivalent to 2%.

Leverage is seen as a major benefit of forex trading, as it allows you to make large gains with a small investment. However, leverage can also be an extreme negative if a trade moves against you because your losses also are amplified by the leverage. With this kind of leverage, there is the real possibility that you can lose more than you invested - although most firms have protective stops preventing an account from going negative. For this reason, it is vital that you remember this when opening an account and that when you determine your desired leverage you understand the risks involved.

Commissions and Fees
Another major benefit of forex accounts is that trading within them is done on a commission-free basis. This is unlike equity accounts, in which you pay the broker a fee for each trade. The reason for this is that you are dealing directly with market makers and do not have to go through other parties like brokers.

This may sound too good to be true, but rest assured that market makers are still making money each time you trade. Remember the bid and ask from the previous section? Each time a trade is made, it is the market makers that capture the spread between these two. Therefore, if the bid/ask for a foreign currency is 1.5200/50, the market maker captures the difference (50 basis points).

If you are planning on opening a forex account, it is important to know that each firm has different spreads on foreign currency pairs traded through them. While they will often differ by only a few pips (0.0001), this can be meaningful if you trade a lot over time. So when opening an account make sure to find out the pip spread that it has on foreign currency pairs you are looking to trade.

Other Factors
There are a lot of differences between each forex firm and the accounts they offer, so it is important to review each before making a commitment. Each company will offer different levels of services and programs along with fees above and beyond actual trading costs. Also, due to the less regulated nature of the forex market, it is important to go with a reputable company. (For more information on what to look for when opening an account, read Wading Into The Currency Market. If you are not ready to open a "real money" account but want to try your hand at forex trading, read Demo Before You Dive In.)

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Currency Trading Summary

While this online forex tutorial only represents a fraction of all there is to know about forex trading, we hope that you've gained some insight into this topic. We also encourage those of you who are interested in potentially trading in the online forex market to learn more about the complexities and intricacies that make this market unique.

Let's recap:

• The forex market represents the electronic over-the-counter markets where currencies are traded worldwide 24 hours a day, five and a half days a week. The typical means of trading forex are on the spot, futures and forwards markets.
• Currencies are "priced" in currency pairs and are quoted either directly or indirectly.
• Currencies typically have two prices: bid (the amount that the market will buy the quote currency for in relation to the base currency); and ask (the amount the market will sell one unit of the base currency for in relation to the quote currency). The bid price is always smaller than the ask price.
• Unlike conventional equity and debt markets, forex investors have access to large amounts of leverage, which allows substantial positions to be taken without making a large initial investment.
• The adoption and elimination of several global currency systems over time led to the formation of the present currency exchange system, in which most countries use some measure of floating exchange rates.
• Governments, central banks, banks and other financial institutions, hedgers, and speculators are the main players in the forex market.
• The main economic theories found in the foreign exchange deal with parity conditions such as those involving interest rates and inflation. Overall, a country's qualitative and quantitative factors are seen as large influences on its currency in the forex market.
• Forex traders use fundamental analysis to view currencies and their countries like companies, thereby using economic announcements to gain an idea of the currency's true value.
• Forex traders use technical analysis to look at currencies the same way they would any other asset and, therefore, use technical tools such as trends, charts and indicators in their trading strategies.
• Unlike stock trades, forex trades have minimal commissions and related fees. But new forex traders should take a conservative approach and use orders, such as the take-profit or stop-loss, to minimize losses.

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